University of St Andrews

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Governance and administration

Main article: Governance of the University of St Andrews

As with the other ancient universities of Scotland the governance of the university is determined by the Universities (Scotland) Act 1858. This act created three bodies: the General Council University Court and Academic Senate (Senatus Academicus).


General Council

Main article: General Council of St Andrews University

The General Council is a standing advisory body of all the graduates academics and former academics of the university. It meets twice a year and appoints a business committee to manage business between these meetings. Its most important functions are to appoint two assessors to the University Court and elect the university's chancellor.


University Court

The University Court is the body responsible for administrative and financial matters and is in effect the governing body of the university. It is chaired by the rector who is elected by the matriculated students of the University. Members are appointed by the General Council Academic Senate and Fife Council. The President of the Students' Association and Director of Education are ex officio members of the Court. Several lay members are also co-opted and must include a fixed number of alumni of the University.


Senatus Academicus

The Academic Senate (Latin Senatus Academicus) is the supreme academic body for the university. Its members include all the professors of the university certain senior readers a number of senior lecturers and lecturers and three elected student senate representatives – one from the arts and divinity faculty one from the science and medicine faculty and one postgraduate student. It is responsible for authorising degree programmes and issuing all degrees to graduates and for managing student discipline. The President of the Senate is the University Principal.


Office of the Principal

Main article: Principal of the University of St Andrews

The Principal is the chief executive of the university and is assisted in that role by several key officers including the Deputy Principal Master of the United College and Quaestor. The principal has responsibility for the overall running of the university and presides over the University Senate.


Rector

Main article: Rector of the University of St Andrews

In Scotland the position of rector exists at the four ancient universities (St Andrews Glasgow Aberdeen and Edinburgh) – as well as the University of Dundee. The post was made an integral part of these universities by the Universities (Scotland) Act 1889. The Rector of the University of St Andrews chairs meetings of the University Court the governing body of the university; and is elected by the matriculated student body to ensure that their needs are adequately considered by the university's leadership. Through St Andrews' history a number of notable people have been elected to the post including the actor John Cleese industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie author and poet Rudyard Kipling and the British Prime Minister Archibald Primrose 5th Earl of Rosebery.


Colleges

The university encompasses three colleges: United College St Mary's College and St Leonard's College. The purpose of the colleges at St Andrews is mainly ceremonial as students are housed in separate residential halls or private accommodations. United College is responsible for all students in the faculties of arts sciences and medicine and is based around St Salvator's Quadrangle. St Mary's College is responsible for all students studying in the Faculty of Divinity and has its own dedicated site in St Mary's Quadrangle. St Leonard's College is now responsible for all postgraduate students.


Faculties and schools

The four academic faculties collectively encompass 18 schools. A dean is appointed by the Master of the United College to oversee the day-to-day running of each faculty. Students apply to become members of a particular faculty as opposed to the school within which teaching is based. The faculties and their affiliated schools are:

Faculty of Arts: art history classics economics English film studies history international relations management modern languages philosophy social anthropology.
Faculty of Divinity: divinity.
Faculty of Medicine: medicine.
Faculty of Science: biology chemistry computer science geography and geosciences mathematics physics and astronomy psychology and neuroscience.
Certain subjects are offered both within the Faculties of Arts and Sciences the six subjects are: economics geography management mathematics psychology and sustainable development. The content of the subject is the same regardless of the faculty.

Traditions

Sponsio Academica

In order to become a student at the university a person must take an oath in Latin at the point of matriculation called the Sponsio Academica although this tradition now has been digitised and is agreed to as part of an online matriculation process.

Nos ingenui adolescentes nomina subscribentes sancte pollicemur nos preceptoribus obsequium debitum exhibituros in omnibus rebus ad disciplinam et bonos mores pertinentibus Senatus Academici autoritati obtemperaturos et hujus Academiae Andreanae emolumentum et commodum quantum in nobis sit procuraturos ad quemcunque vitae statum pervenerimus. Item agnoscimus si quis nostrum indecore turbulenterve se gesserit vel si parum diligentem in studiis suis se praebuerit neque admonitus se in melius correxerit eum licere Senatui Academico vel poena congruenti adficere vel etiam ex Universitate expellere.
In English:

We students who set down our names hereunder in all good faith make a solemn promise that we shall show due deference to our teachers in all matters relating to order and good conduct that we shall be subject to the authority of the Senatus Academicus and shall whatever be the position we attain hereafter promote so far as lies in our power the profit and the interest in our University of St Andrews. Further we recognise that if any of us conducts ourselves in an unbecoming or disorderly manner or shows insufficient diligence in their studies and though admonished does not improve it is within the power of the Senatus Academicus to inflict on such students a fitting penalty or even expel them from the University.

Gowns

See also: Undergraduate gowns in Scotland

One of the most conspicuous traditions at St Andrews is the wearing of academic dress particularly the distinctive red undergraduate gown of the United College. Undergraduates in Arts and Science subjects can be seen wearing these garments at the installation of a rector or chancellor at chapel services on 'Pier Walks' at formal hall dinners at meetings of the Union Debating Society and giving tours to prospective students and visitors as well as on St Andrews Day. Divinity students wear a black undergraduate gown with a purple saltire cross on the left facing. Postgraduates wear the graduate gown or as members of St Leonard College may wear a black gown trimmed with burgundy introduced for graduate students whose original university is without academic dress. (See Academic dress of the University of St Andrews.) St Mary's College Post Graduates however wear their graduate gown with a purple saltire cross on the left facing.


Bejant

Bejant is a term used to refer to first year male students; females being described as Bejantines. Second-year students are known as a Semis a student in their third year may be referred to as a Tertian and in their final year as a Magistrand. These terms are thought [failed verification] to be unique to St Andrews. When wearing their traditional red gowns students in each year may be identified according to the way they wear their gowns. In the first year the gown is worn on the shoulders in the second year it is worn slightly off the shoulders. In the third year arts students wear their gowns off their left shoulders and science students off their right shoulders. Finally fourth years wear their gowns right down to their elbows ready to shed their scarlet gowns for the black graduation gown. The gown is never to be joined at the top as this is considered bad luck.


Academic parents

The students of the university enjoy an unusual family tradition designed to make new students feel at home and build relationships within the student body. Traditionally a Bejant or Bejantine acquires academic parents who are at least in their third year as students. These older students act as informal mentors in academic and social matters and it is not uncommon for such academic family ties to stretch well beyond student days. Tradition has it that a Bejant may ask a man to be his Senior Man but must be invited by a woman who is prepared to be his Senior Woman. Similarly a Bejantine may ask a male to be her Senior Man but there is no overt rule regarding how she acquires a Senior Woman. The establishment of these relationships begins at the very start of the first semester – with the aim of being in place ahead of Raisin Weekend.


Raisin Weekend

Raisin Weekend celebrates the relationship between the Bejants/Bejantines (first-year students) and their respective academic parents who in St Andrews' tradition guide and mentor them in their time at the university. It is traditionally said that students went up to study with a sack of oatmeal and a barrel of salt-herring as staple foods to last them a term and that therefore anything more exotic was seen as a luxury. In return for the guidance from academic parents a further tradition sprang up of rewarding these "parents" with a pound of raisins. Since the 19th century the giving of raisins was steadily transformed into the giving of a more modern alternative such as a bottle of wine (although presents are now rarely expected). In return for the raisins or equivalent present the parents give their "children" a formal receipt — the Raisin Receipt — composed in Latin. Over time this receipt progressively became more elaborate and often humorous. The receipt can be written on anything and is to be carried everywhere by the Bejant/Bejantine on the morning of Raisin Monday until midday.

Raisin Weekend is held annually over the last weekend of October. Affairs often begin with a tea party (or similar) thrown by the mother(s) and then a pub-crawl or house party led by the father(s). It is fairly common for several academic families to combine in the latter stages of the revels. At midday all the First-Years gather in Quad of St Salvator's College to compare their receipts and also to be open to challenge from older students who may look for errors in the Latin of the receipt (an almost inevitable occurrence). Upon detection of such error(s) the bearer may be required to sing the Gaudie. In more recent years the gathering has culminated in a shaving foam fight. Since 2014 the foam fight has been moved from St Salvator's Quad to the adjacent Lower College Lawn. Raisin Weekend has also become synonymous with binge drinking and a certain amount of humiliation of "academic children" commonly involving embarrassing costumes or drinking games. The University Students' Association provides a special First Aid hotline for Raisin Weekend.


Cobblestones

Situated around the town of St Andrews are cobblestone markings denoting where Protestant martyrs were burnt at the stake. To students the most notable of these is the cobblestone initials "PH" located outside the main gate of St Salvator's College. These cobblestones denote where Patrick Hamilton was martyred in 1528. According to student tradition stepping on the "PH" will cause a student to become cursed with the effect that the offender will fail his or her degree and so students are known to jump over the cobblestones when passing. The 'curse' is said to be lifted by participating in the May Dip.


May Dip

The May Dip is a student tradition held annually at dawn on May Day. Students usually stay awake until dawn at which time they collectively run into the North Sea to the sound of madrigals sung by the University Madrigal Group. Students purportedly do so to cleanse themselves of any academic sins (which they may have acquired by stepping on the PH cobblestone) before they sit exams in May. In 2011 the event was "officially" moved by the Students' Association to East Sands in response to concerns for health and safety in its former location on Castle Sands.

Academics

Semesters

The academic year at St Andrews is divided into two semesters Martinmas and Candlemas named after two of the four Scottish Term and Quarter Days. Martinmas on 11 November was originally the feast of Saint Martin of Tours a 4th-century bishop and hermit. Candlemas originally fell on 2 February the day of the feast of the Purification or the Presentation of Christ. Martinmas semester runs from early September until mid-December with examinations taking place just before the Christmas break. There follows an inter-semester period when Martinmas semester business is concluded and preparations are made for the new Candlemas semester which starts in January and concludes with examinations at the end of May. Graduation is celebrated at the end of June.


Rankings and reputation

Rankings

National rankings
Complete (2021)	3
Guardian (2021)	2
Times / Sunday Times (2021)	3
Global rankings
ARWU (2020)	301–400
CWTS Leiden (2020)	175
QS (2021)	96
THE (2021)	198
British Government assessment
Teaching Excellence Framework	Gold

In a ranking conducted by The Guardian St Andrews is placed 5th in the UK for national reputation behind Oxford Cambridge Imperial & LSE. When size is taken into account St Andrews ranks second in the world out of all small to medium-sized fully comprehensive universities (after Brown University) using metrics from the QS Intelligence Unit in 2015.
The 2014 Research Excellence Framework ranked St Andrews 14th in the UK and first in Scotland amongst multi-faculty institutions for the research quality (GPA) of its output profile. St Andrews was ranked 9th overall in The Sunday Times 10-year (1998–2007) average ranking of British universities based on consistent league table performance and is a member of the 'Sutton 13' of top ranked Universities in the UK.

Nearly 86% of its graduates obtain a First Class or an Upper Second Class Honours degree. The ancient Scottish universities award Master of Arts degrees (except for science students who are awarded a Bachelor of Science degree) which are classified upon graduation in contrast to Oxbridge where one becomes a Master of Arts after a certain number of years and the rest of the UK where graduates are awarded BAs. These can be awarded with honours; the majority of students graduate with honours.

In 2017 St Andrews was named as the university with the joint second highest graduate employment rate of any UK university (along with Warwick) with 97.7 per cent of its graduates in work or further study three and a half years after graduation. St Andrews is placed 7th in the UK (1st in Scotland) for the employability of its graduates as chosen by recruiters from the UK's major companies with graduates expected to have the best graduate prospects and highest starting salaries in Scotland as ranked by The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide 2016 and 2017. According to data released by the Department for Education in 2018 St Andrews was rated as the 5th best university in the UK for boosting male graduate earnings with male graduates seeing a 24.5% increase in earnings compared to the average graduate and the 9th best university for females with female graduates seeing a 14.8% increase in earnings compared to the average graduate. An independent report conducted by Swedish investment firm Skandia found that despite its small undergraduate body St Andrews is the joint-5th best university in the UK for producing millionaires. A study by High Fliers confirmed this by reporting that the university also features in the top 5 of UK universities for producing self-made millionaires. According to a study by the Institute of Employment Research St Andrews has produced more directors of FTSE 100 companies in proportion to its size than any other educational institution in Britain.

In the 2019 Complete University Guide 24 out of the 25 subjects offered by St Andrews rank within the top 10 nationally making St Andrews one of only three multi-faculty universities (along with Cambridge and Oxford) in the UK to have over 95% of their subjects in the top 10. The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide 2017 revealed that 24 of the 26 subjects offered by St Andrews ranked within the top 6 nationally with 10 subjects placing within the top 3 including English Management Philosophy International Relations Italian Physics and Astronomy and Classics and Ancient History. The Guardian University Guide 2019 ranked Biosciences Computer Science International Relations Physics and Psychology first in the UK. Earth and Marine Sciences Economics English Management Mathematics Philosophy and Theology placed within the top three nationally. In the 2015-16 Times Higher Education World University Rankings St Andrews is ranked 46th in the world for Social Sciences 50th in the world for Arts and Humanities and 74th in the world for Life Sciences. The 2014 CWTS Leiden rankings which "aims to provide highly accurate measurements of the scientific impact of universities" placed St Andrews 39th in the world ranking it 5th domestically. The philosophy department is ranked 6th worldwide (3rd in Europe) in the 2020 QS World University Rankings whilst the graduate programme was ranked 17th worldwide (2nd in the UK) by the 2009 Philosophical Gourmet's biennial report on Philosophy programs in the English-speaking world.

Position of the University of St Andrews in the National University Rankings for the last 3 years

Year/Ranking	The Guardian University Guide	The Times & Sunday Times Good University Guide	The Complete University Guide
2021	2	Not published	3
2020	2	3	3
2019	3	3	5

Admissions

Undergraduate Admission Statistics

	2017	2016	2015	2014	2013
Applications	18 790	17 785	16 010	15 505	15 875
Offer Rate (%)	42.3	44.8	46.7	53.0	41.2
Enrols	1 915	1 955	1 835	2 115	1 770
Yield (%)	24.1	24.5	24.5	25.7	27.1
Applicant/Enrolled Ratio	9.81	9.11	8.73	7.32	8.97
Average Entry Tariff [a]	n/a	206	525	520	516

The university receives applications mainly through UCAS and the Common Application with the latest figures showing that there are generally 12 applications per undergraduate place available. Overall the university is one of the most competitive universities in the UK with 2016-17 having an acceptance rate of 8.35% and offer rate of 22.5% for Scottish/EU applicants where places are capped by the Scottish Government. In 2017 the most competitive courses for Scottish/EU applicants were those within the Schools of International Relations Management and Economics and Finance with offer rates of 8.0% 10.9% and 11.5% respectively. The standard offer of a place tends to require five best Highers equivalent to AAAAB three best A-levels equivalent to AAA or a score of at least 38 points on the International Baccalaureate. Successful entrants have on average 525 UCAS points (the equivalent of just above A*A*AA at A Level) ranking it as the 5th highest amongst higher education institutions in the UK for the 2015 admissions cycle with The Telegraph naming it as the hardest university into which to gain admission in Scotland.

The university has one of the smallest percentages of students (13%) from lower income backgrounds out of all higher education institutions in the UK. Around 40% of the student body is from independent schools and the university hosts the highest proportion of financially independent students (58%) in the UK. The university participates in widening access schemes such as the Sutton Trust Summer School First Chances Programme REACH & SWAP Scotland and Access for Rural Communities (ARC) in order to promote a more widespread uptake of those traditionally under-represented at university. In the seven-year period between 2008 and 2015 the number of pupils engaged with annual outreach programmes at the university has increased by about tenfold whilst the number of students arriving at St Andrews from the most deprived backgrounds has increased by almost 50 per cent in the past year of 2015. The university has a higher proportion of female than male students with a female ratio of 59.7% in the undergraduate population.


Lecture series

To commemorate the university's 600th anniversary the 600th Lecture Series was commissioned in 2011 which brought diverse speakers such as former Prime Minister Gordon Brown naturalist David Attenborough and linguist Noam Chomsky to St Andrews.

As part of the celebration of the 400th establishment of the King James Library the King James Library lectures were initiated in 2009 on the subject of 'The Meaning of the Library'.

The Andrew Lang Lecture series was initiated in 1927 and named for alumnus and poet Andrew Lang. The most famous lecture in this series is that given by J. R. R. Tolkien in March 1939 entitled 'Fairy Stories' but published subsequently as 'On Fairy-Stories'.

The computing Distinguished Lecture Series was initiated in 1969 by Jack Cole.


Exchange programmes

St Andrews has developed student exchange partnerships with universities around the globe though offerings are largely concentrated in North America Europe and Asia. Exchange opportunities vary by School and eligibility requirements are specific to each exchange program.

In North America the highly competitive Bachelor of Arts International Honours program run in conjunction with The College of William and Mary in Williamsburg Virginia allows students studying Classical Studies Film Studies International Relations English History or Economics to spend two years at each institution and earn a joint degree from both. The Robert T. Jones Memorial Trust funds the Robert T. Jones Jr. Scholarship which allows select St Andrews students to study fully funded for a year at Emory University in Atlanta and Western University and Queen's University in Canada. The Robert Lincoln McNeil Scholarship allows students to study at the University of Pennsylvania. One of the largest North American exchanges is with the University of California System in which students can study at UC Berkeley UC Los Angeles (UCLA) UC Santa Cruz (UCSC) and UC San Diego (UCSD). Other North American partners offering multiple exchanges include the University of Virginia the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Washington University in St. Louis Washington and Lee University Elon University and the University of Toronto. Some exchanges are offered within specific research institutes at St Andrews rather than across entire Schools. For example the Handa Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence (CSTPV) within the School of International Relations offers student exchanges in partnership with the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University.

St Andrews participates in the Erasmus Programme and has direct exchanges with universities across Europe. For example in France exchanges are offered at the Sorbonne Sciences Po and University of Paris VI. In the Netherlands students can study at Leiden University and Utrecht University. Narrower exchanges include those with the University of Copenhagen the University of Oslo and Trinity College Dublin. Exchanges are also available for postgraduate research students such as the opportunity for social scientists to study at the European University Institute in Florence Italy.

More recently St Andrews has developed exchanges with partners in Asia and Australia. Notable partners include the University of Hong Kong and Renmin University of China National University of Singapore and the University of Melbourne in Australia.

See also

Buildings collections and facilities

The University of St Andrews is situated in the small town of St Andrews in rural Fife Scotland. The university has teaching facilities libraries student housing and other buildings spread throughout the town. Generally university departments and buildings are concentrated on North Street South Street The Scores and the North Haugh. The university has two major sites within the town. The first is the United College St Andrews (also known as the Quad or St Salvator's) on North Street which functions both as a teaching space and venue for student events incorporating the Departments of Social Anthropology and Modern Languages. The second is St Mary's College St Andrews based on South Street which houses the Schools of Divinity Psychology and Neuroscience as well as the King James Library. Several schools are located on The Scores including Classics English History Philosophy the School of Economics and Finance and International Relations as well as the Admissions department the Museum of the University of St Andrews and the Principal's residence University House. North Street is also the site of several departments including the Principal's Office Younger Hall Department of Film Studies and the University Library. The North Haugh is principally home to the Natural Sciences such as Chemistry Physics Biology as well as Mathematics Computer Science Medicine and the School of Management.


Libraries and museums

Main article: University of St Andrews Library

The University of St Andrews maintains one of the most extensive university library collections in the United Kingdom which includes significant holdings of books manuscripts muniments and photographs. The library collection contains over a million volumes and over two hundred thousand rare and antique books.

The university library was founded by King James VI in 1612 with the donation of 350 works from the royal collection at the urging of George Gledstanes the then chancellor of St Andrews although the libraries of the colleges of St Leonard's College St Salvator's College and St Mary's College had existed prior to this. From 1710 to 1837 the library functioned as a legal deposit library and as a result has an extensive collection of 18th-century literature.

The library's main building is located on North Street and houses over 1 000 000 books. The library was designed by the architects Faulkner-Brown Hendy Watkinson Stonor based in North East England at Killingworth. Faulkner-Brown specialised in libraries and leisure facilities and also designed the National Library of Canada in Ottawa and the Robinson Library at Newcastle University In 2011 the main library building underwent a £7 million re-development. The historic King James library built in 1643 houses the university's Divinity and Medieval history collections.

In 2012 the university purchased the vacant Martyrs' Kirk on North Street with the purpose of providing reading rooms for the Special Collections department and university postgraduate research students and staff.

The university maintains several museums and galleries open free to the public. The Museum of the University of St Andrews (MUSA) opened in 2008 and displays some highlights of the university's extensive collection of over 100 000 artefacts. It displays objects relating both to the history of the university such as its collection of 15th-century maces and also unrelated objects such as paintings by John Opie Alberto Morrocco and Charles Sims. Several of the university's collections have been recognised as being of 'national significance for Scotland' by Museums Galleries Scotland.

The Bell Pettigrew Museum houses the university's natural history collections. Founded in 1912 it is housed in the old Bute Medical School Building in St. Mary's Quad. Among its collections are the remains of several extinct species such as the dodo and Tasmanian tiger as well as fossilised fish from the nearby Dura Den Fife which when found in 1859 stimulated the debate on evolution.


Chapels

The University has two collegiate chapels. The chapel of St Salvator's was founded in 1450 by Bishop James Kennedy and today it is a centre of university life. St Salvator's has a full peal of six bells and is therefore the only university chapel in Scotland suitable for change ringing. The Chapel of St Leonard's is located in the grounds of the nearby St Leonards School. It is the university's oldest building some parts dating from 1144 and is the smaller of the two chapels. St Salvator's and St Leonard's both have their own choirs whose members are drawn from the student body.


Student halls

St Andrews is characterised amongst Scottish universities as having a significant number of students who live in university-maintained accommodation. As of 2012 52% of the student population live in university halls. The halls vary widely in age and character; the oldest Deans Court dates from the 12th century and the newest Whitehorn Hall built in 2018. They are built in styles from Gothic revival to brutalist. All are now co-educational and non-smoking and several are catered. The university guarantees every first year student a place of accommodation and many students return to halls in their second third and final years at St Andrews. From September 2015 onward students will have the option of living in alcohol-free flats in David Russell Apartments on the grounds of medical conditions that do not allow drinking or for religious reasons.

Halls of residence include:



Renewable energy projects

Since 2013 the university's endowment has been invested under the United Nations Principles of Responsible Investment (UNPRI) initiative with a sustainable ethical policy enforced since 2007. The university has the target of being the UK's first carbon neutral university and has invested in creating two new macro-scale renewable energy sites.

The Guardbridge Biomass Energy Centre will generate power using locally sourced wood-fuelled biomass hot water will be transported to the university through underground pipes to heat and cool laboratories and student residences. The £25 million project is expected to save 10 000 tonnes of carbon annually and the university aims to establish the site as a knowledge exchange hub which would provide "missing link" facilities to allow research and discoveries made in university labs to be translated to working prototypes. Work began onsite in 2014 and the centre is expected to be operational by December 2015.

In October 2013 the university received permission to build six medium-sized turbines at Kenly Wind Farm near Boarhills. The wind farms are expected to be operational by 2017 and will bring an estimated £22 million boost to the local and national economy with 19 000 tonnes of carbon saved annually.

Notable people

Alumni

Main article: List of alumni of the University of St Andrews

See also: Category:Alumni of the University of St Andrews

Notable University of St Andrews alumni include King James II of Scotland; United States Declaration of Independence signatory James Wilson (1761); Governor General of Canada John Campbell; discoverer of logarithms John Napier (1563); founder of the Church of Scotland and leader of the Protestant Reformation John Knox (1531); notable Leader of the Church of Scotland Thomas Chalmers; founder of and the first Chancellor of the University of Glasgow William Turnbull; founder of the University of Edinburgh Robert Reid; founder of the world's first commercial savings bank Henry Duncan (1823); journalist and politician during the French Revolution Jean-Paul Marat (1775 MD); inventor of beta-blockers H2 receptor antagonists and Nobel Prize in Medicine winner James W. Black (1946 MB ChB); the 'father of military medicine' Sir John Pringle 1st Baronet; pioneer of the smallpox vaccine Edward Jenner (1792 MD); Prince William Duke of Cambridge (2005) and Catherine Duchess of Cambridge (2005).

Alumni in the fields of academia and education have gone on to found the University of Melbourne Medical School (Anthony Brownless) and the Scottish Church College in Calcutta (Alexander Duff was also the first Scottish missionary to India) become the first Regent and first Principal of the University of Edinburgh (Robert Rollock) Dean of Harvard Divinity School (David Hempton) the Vice Chancellors of Aberdeen University (Ian Diamond) University of Nottingham (Shearer West) Open University (Walter Perry was also the first Vice-Chancellor) and Sydney University (Gavin Brown) Chancellor of the University of Maine system (James H. Page) provost of Eton College (Eric Anderson) discoverer of the Berry Phase (Sir Michael Berry) and inventor of the Leslie cube John Leslie.

In business and finance St Andrews graduates have become the CEOs of multinational companies including the Bank of Russia BHP (Andrew Mackenzie) BP (Robert Horton) FanDuel (Nigel Eccles co-founded the company with fellow St Andrews graduate Lesley Eccles) Rolls-Royce Holdings (John Rose) Royal Dutch Shell (Robert Paul Reid) Tate & Lyle (Iain Ferguson) and Royal Bank of Scotland (George Mathewson). Other notable businesspeople include Banker Olivier Sarkozy Director of the Edinburgh Festival Fringe Alistair Moffat and the CEO of Scottish Rugby Union and ATP World Tour Finals Phil Anderton.

Former St Andrews students active in politics and national intelligence include two Chiefs of MI6 Alex Younger and John Sawers two deputy directors of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) George Kennedy Young and J. M. Bruce Lockhart Secretary of State for Scotland Lord Forsyth (Forsyth is also former Deputy Chairman of JP Morgan) former First Minister of Scotland and leader of the SNP for over 20 years Alex Salmond former Cabinet Secretary and Head of the Civil Service Sir Mark Sedwill former Secretary of State for Defence Sir Michael Fallon Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats Malcolm Bruce and leader of the Christian Party James George Hargreaves. Outside of the UK alumni include the Financial Secretary of Hong Kong credited with laying the foundations for Hong Kong's economic success John James Cowperthwaite former Senior Director for European and Russian Affairs on the United States National Security Council Fiona Hill David Holmes (both were involved in the Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump) and the first female cabinet minister in Egypt Hikmat Abu Zayd. Alumni have also gone on to serve as diplomats including the current Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations and former British Ambassador to China (2015-2020) Dame Barbara Woodward former Ambassador to Russia (2008-2011) Dame Anne Pringle and Thomas Bruce who is known for the removal of the Elgin Marbles from the Parthenon.

Alumni from the media and the arts include founder of Forbes magazine B. C. Forbes founder of The Week Jolyon Connell current Downing Street Director of Communications and former Controller of BBC World News Craig Oliver Political Editor of BBC Scotland Brian Taylor BBC News presenter Louise Minchin BBC Sport TV presenter Hazel Irvine Primetime Emmy Award winning screenwriter David Butler Pulitzer Prize winning author James Michener feminist writer Fay Weldon musician The Pictish Trail and actors Siobhan Redmond Crispin Bonham-Carter Ian McDiarmid and Jonathan Taylor Thomas.

Other notable alumni include 'father of the poll tax' Douglas Mason founders of the Adam Smith Institute Madsen Pirie and Eamonn Butler former Lord Justice General Lord Cullen two currently sitting members of the Inner House Lord Eassie and Baroness Clark of Calton one of the leading figures in the formation of the United States Golf Association Charles B. Macdonald the captain of Tottenham Hotspur F.C. during its double-winning season Danny Blanchflower and the wildlife conservationist Saba Douglas-Hamilton.

The university also boasts of a rich roll of honorary graduates whose members vary from Benjamin Franklin to Hillary Clinton from Bob Dylan to Arvo Pärt from Maggie Smith to Sean Connery from Nora K. Chadwick to Noam Chomsky from Joseph Stevenson to Lisa Jardine from Seamus Heaney to Bahram Beyzai from Georg Cantor to David Attenborough.


Academics

See also: Category:Academics of the University of St Andrews

Notable University of St Andrews faculty include Nobel Prize in Medicine winner Maurice Wilkins (Lecturer in Physics 1945-46) and discoverer of herring bodies Percy Theodore Herring (Chandos Chair of Medicine and Anatomy 1908-1948). The Morris water navigation task was developed by Richard Morris at the university's Gatty Marine Laboratory.

Publications

The Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence (CSTPV) within the School of International Relations publishes the online open-access journal Contemporary Voices: St Andrews Journal of International Relations (formerly Journal of Terrorism Research).

History

Main article: History of the University of St Andrews

Foundation

The university was founded in 1410 when a group of Augustinian clergy driven from the University of Paris by the Avignon schism and from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge by the Anglo-Scottish Wars formed a society of higher learning in St Andrews which offered courses of lectures in divinity logic philosophy and law. A charter of privilege was bestowed upon the society of masters and scholars by the Bishop of St Andrews Henry Wardlaw on 28 February 1411. Wardlaw then successfully petitioned the Avignon Pope Benedict XIII to grant the school university status by issuing a series of papal bulls which followed on 28 August 1413. King James I of Scotland confirmed the charter of the university in 1432. Subsequent kings supported the university with King James V of Scotland "confirming privileges of the university" in 1532.

A college of theology and arts called St John's College was founded in 1418 by Robert of Montrose and Lawrence of Lindores. St Salvator's College was established in 1450 by Bishop James Kennedy. St Leonard's College was founded in 1511 by Archbishop Alexander Stewart who intended it to have a far more monastic character than either of the other colleges. St John's College was refounded by Cardinal James Beaton under the name St Mary's College in 1538 for the study of divinity and law. It was intended to encourage traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to the emerging Scottish Reformation but once Scotland had formally split with the Papacy in 1560 it became a teaching institution for Protestant clergy. At its foundation in 1538 St Mary's was intended to be a College for instruction in Divinity Law and Medicine as well as in Arts but its career on this extensive scale was short-lived. Under a new foundation and erection confirmed by Parliament in 1579 it was set apart for the study of Theology only and it has remained a Divinity College ever since.

Some university buildings that date from this period are still in use today such as St Salvator's Chapel St Leonard's College Chapel and St Mary's College quadrangle. At this time the majority of the teaching was of a religious nature and was conducted by clerics associated with the cathedral.


Development

During the 17th and 18th centuries the university had mixed fortunes and was often beset by civil and religious disturbances. In a particularly acute depression in 1747 severe financial problems triggered the dissolution of St Leonard's College whose properties and staff were merged into St Salvator's College to form the United College of St Salvator and St Leonard. Throughout this period student numbers were very low; for instance when Samuel Johnson visited the university in 1773 the university had fewer than 100 students and was in his opinion in a steady decline. He described it as "pining in decay and struggling for life". The poverty of Scotland during this period also damaged St Andrews as few were able to patronise the university and its colleges and with state support being improbable the income they received was scarce.


Modern period

In the second half of the 19th century pressure was building upon universities to open up higher education to women. In 1876 the university senate decided to allow women to receive an education at St Andrews at a level roughly equal to the Master of Arts degree that men were able to take at the time. The scheme came to be known as the 'LLA examination' (Lady Literate in Arts). It required women to pass five subjects at an ordinary level and one at honours level and entitled them to hold a degree from the university. In 1889 the Universities (Scotland) Act made it possible to formally admit women to St Andrews and to receive an education equal to that of male students. Agnes Forbes Blackadder became the first woman to graduate from St Andrews on the same level as men in October 1894 gaining her MA. She entered the university in 1892 making St Andrews the first university in Scotland to admit female undergraduates on the same level as men. In response to the increasing number of female students attending the university the first women's hall was built in 1896 and was named University Hall.

Up until the start of the 20th century St Andrews offered a traditional education based on classical languages divinity and philosophical studies and was slow to embrace more practical fields such as science and medicine that were becoming more popular at other universities. In response to the need for modernisation and in order to increase student numbers and alleviate financial problems the university merged with University College Dundee in 1897 which had a focus on scientific and professional subjects. After the incorporation of University College Dundee St Andrews' various problems generally receded. For example it was able to offer medical degrees. Of note is that up until 1967 many students who obtained a degree from the University of St Andrews had in fact spent most and sometimes all of their undergraduate career based in Dundee.

In 1967 the union with Queen's College Dundee (formerly University College Dundee) ended when that College became an independent institution under the name of the University of Dundee. As a result of this St Andrews lost its capacity to provide degrees in many areas such as Medicine Dentistry Law Accountancy and Engineering. As well as losing the right to confer the undergraduate medical degree MBChB it was also deprived of the right to confer the postgraduate degree MD. St Andrews was eventually able to continue to offer the opportunity to study medicine through a new arrangement with the University of Manchester in England.

In 1972 the College of St Leonard was reconstituted as a postgraduate institute.


Links with the United States

St Andrews' historical links with the United States predate the country's independence. James Wilson a signer of the Declaration of Independence attended (but did not graduate from) St Andrews. Wilson was one of six original justices appointed by George Washington to the Supreme Court of the United States and was a founder of the University of Pennsylvania Law School. Other prominent American figures associated with St Andrews include Scottish American industrialist Andrew Carnegie who was elected Rector in 1901 and whose name is given to the prestigious Carnegie Scholarship and Edward Harkness an American philanthropist who in 1930 provided for the construction of St Salvator's Hall. American Bobby Jones co-founder of the Augusta National Golf Club and the Masters Tournament was named a Freeman of the City of St Andrews in 1958 becoming only the second American to be so honoured the other being Benjamin Franklin in 1759. Today a highly competitive scholarship exchange The Robert T. Jones Scholarship exists between St Andrews and Emory University in Atlanta.[citation needed] An undergraduate joint degree programme have been in place with the College of William & Mary in Virginia that offers studies in some major areas.[citation needed]

Links with the United States have been maintained into the present day and continue to grow. In 2009 Louise Richardson an Irish-American political scientist specialising in the study of terrorism was drawn from Harvard to serve as the first female Principal and Vice Chancellor of St Andrews. She later went on to her next appointment as the Vice Chancellor to the University of Oxford.

Active recruitment of students from North America first began in 1984 with Americans now making up around 1 in 6 of the student population in 2017. Students from almost every state in the United States and province in Canada are represented. This is the highest proportion and absolute number of American students amongst all British universities. Media reports indicate growing numbers of American students are attracted to the university's academics traditions prestige internationalism and comparatively low tuition fees. The university also regularly features as one of the few non-North American universities in the Fiske Guide to Colleges an American college guide as a 'Best Buy'. St Andrews has developed a sizable alumni presence in the United States with over 8000 alumni spread across all 50 states. Most major cities host alumni clubs the largest of which is in New York. Both London and New York also host the St Andrews Angels an alumni led angel investment network which centres upon the wider university communities in both the United Kingdom and United States. St Andrews has also established relationships with other university alumni clubs and private membership clubs in the United States to provide alumni with social and networking opportunities. For example alumni are eligible for membership at the Princeton Club of New York the Penn Club of New York City and the Algonquin Club in Boston.

In 2013 Hillary Clinton former United States Secretary of State took part in the academic celebration marking the 600th anniversary of the founding of the University of St Andrews. Clinton received an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws and provided the graduation address in which she said


I do take comfort from knowing there is a long tradition of Americans being warmly welcomed here at St Andrews. Every year I learn you educate more than one thousand American students exposing them to new ideas and perspectives as well as according them with a first class education. I've been proud and fortunate to hire a few St Andrews alumni over the years and I thank you for training them so well.

Notes

Student life

Students' Association

The University of St Andrews Students' Association is the organisation which represents the student body of the University of St Andrews.
It was founded in 1885 and comprises the Students' Representative Council (SRC) and the Student Activities Forum (SAF) (previously known as the Students' Services Council (SSC)). The Students' Association has 10 SRC subcommittees and 11 SAF subcommittees: SRC: Accommodation Alumni BAME Students' Network Community Relations (ComRels) Disabled Students Network (DSN) Environment Equal Opportunities (EqualOps) Life Long and Flexible Learners (Lifers) SaintsLGBT+ and Wellbeing. SAF: The Entertainments 'Ents' Committee Charities Campaign Union Debating Society STAR (St Andrews Radio) Mermaids Performing Arts Fund Design Team SVS (Student Voluntary Service) the Music Fund (prev. Music is Love) On the Rocks (an annual arts festival) Societies Committee and the Postgraduate Society. Every matriculated student is automatically a member of each subcommittee.

The Students' Association Building (informally known as the Union) is located on St Mary's Place St Andrews. Union facilities include a Blackwells bookshop several bars and the University's Student Support Services. In 2013 the Students' Association Building underwent a refurbishment. The Students' Association is affiliated to and a founding member of the Coalition of Higher Education Students in Scotland but unlike many other students' unions in the UK is not a member of the National Union of Students having most recently rejected membership in a referendum in November 2012.[citation needed]


Societies

St Andrews is home to over 200 student societies which cover a wide range of interests.

The oldest student society in St Andrews is the University of St Andrews Celtic Society which has run continuously without mergers since 1796. It promotes Scottish culture to students of the university and the wider community. Currently it does this through Scottish Country Dance and Scottish Gaelic Language Classes. Its Scottish Country Dance activities are affiliated with the Royal Scottish Country Dance Society (RSCDS).

All matriculated students are members of the "Union Debating Society" a student debating society that holds weekly public debates in Lower Parliament Hall often hosts notable speakers and participates in competitive debating in both national and international competitions. Its origins go back to the 1794 founding of the Literary Society however its current form only dates back to the 1890 merger with the Classical Society. Since its roots can be traced back to 1794 it claims to be the oldest continuously-run student debating society in the world.

There is a strong tradition of student media at St Andrews. The university's two newspapers are The Saint a fortnightly publication and The Stand an online publication founded in 2011. There is also the Foreign Affairs Review ran by the Foreign Affairs Society. There are also a number of smaller student publications including The Wynd a student-run magazine and The Regulus a student magazine focusing on politics and current affairs. In addition to this there are several student-led academic journals most notably Stereoscope Magazine which is focused on student photography and raising awareness of the university's historic photographic collection [email protected] an annual journal for those interested in art history Aporia the journal of the Philosophy Society and the Postgraduate Journal of Art History and Museum Studies. The university's radio station is STAR radio an online station that broadcasts 24/7 during term time. Scoot Around is a literary-cultural magazine based in St Andrews with contributors from universities around the world. The Sinner is an independent website and discussion forum set up by students of the university.

The university's Music Society comprises many student-run musical groups including the university's flagship symphony orchestra wind band and chorus. One of the oldest choirs in the university is the St Andrews University Madrigal Group which performs a concert each term and has an annual summer tour. The A Cappella Society represents all four a cappella groups at St Andrews: The Other Guys The Alleycats The Accidentals and The Hummingbirds. From 2009–2011 all four of these groups participated in The Voice Festival UK(VF-UK) competition and The Other Guys The Accidentals and The Alleycats all reached the London final.

Student theatre at the University of St Andrews is funded by the Mermaids Performing Arts fund. There are regular dramatic and comedic performances staged at the Barron theatre. Blind Mirth is the university's improvisational theatre troupe which performs weekly in the town and annually takes a production to the Edinburgh Fringe Festival.

The Kate Kennedy Club plays a significant role in the life of the university maintaining university traditions such as the Kate Kennedy Procession in which students parade through the town dressed as eminent figures from the university's history and organising social events such as the Opening and May balls. Founded in 1926 the club is composed of around thirty matriculated students who are selected by the club's members. The club has received criticism from the university's former principal Louise Richardson and alumna the Duchess of Cambridge Kate Middleton over its previously male-only admission policy. In 2012 the club decided to allow female students to join.

St Andrews is home to several other private clubs such as The Kensington Club founded in 1739 by Alexander Laird Balgonie and is an all-male dining club that organises private events for members. The St Andrews Fight Club hosts an annual boxing match training 20 amateur boxers in an intensive course.


Sports clubs and the Athletic Union

Main article: University of St Andrews Athletic Union

The University of St Andrews Athletic Union is the student representative body for sport. Established in 1901 it is affiliated to BUCS and encompasses around sixty sport clubs who compete at both a recreational and high-performance level. A notable club is the University of St Andrews Rugby Football Club which played a pivotal role in shaping the sport and has produced Scottish international players such as J. S. Thomson and Alfred Clunies-Ross.

The university is currently going through a £14 million five-phase development of the student sports centre which will include a new 400-seat eight-court sports hall a new reception area and expanded gym facilities.

The Scottish Varsity also known as the 'world's oldest varsity match' is played annually against the University of Edinburgh.

In popular culture

The University of St Andrews has appeared in or been referenced by a number of popular media works in film and literature.


Film

West Sands Beach in St Andrews was used as a location for the film Chariots of Fire (1981) the scene in which several of the main characters run along the beach has become widely recognised and one of the most famous scenes in British film history.
The student hall Andrew Melville Hall was used for location shooting of the 2010 film adaptation of Kazuo Ishiguro's novel Never Let Me Go starring Keira Knightley and Carey Mulligan.

Literature

In Enid Blyton's Malory Towers novel series the main heroine Darrell Rivers plans to attend the University of St Andrews after Sixth Form with some of her fellow characters.
St Andrews appeared in Samuel Johnson's travel narrative A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland (1775) in which he visited the University.
Bruce Marshall's romance novel Girl in May (1956) is set in St Andrews.
Adam Nevill's horror novel Banquet for the Damned (2004) takes place in St Andrews.
Jay Parini's memoir Borges and Me (2020) recounts the author's road trip from St Andrews to the Highlands with Jorge Luis Borges.

simple explanation

University of St Andrews

Shield of the University of St Andrews
Latin: Universitas Sancti Andreae apud Scotos
Motto	شاركنا رأيك كلمات مرتبطه: University of St Andrews   التعليقات لم يعلق احد حتى الآن .. كن اول من يعلق بالضغط هنا ماتكتبه هنا سيظهر بالكامل .. لذا تجنب وضع بيانات ذات خصوصية بك وتجنب المشين من القول أقسام دليل الهاتف و بدالة أرقام الإمارات متنوعة en و عملت لخدمة الزائر ليسهل عليه تصفح الموقع بسلاسة وأخذ المعلومات تصفح هذا الموضوع University of St Andrews ويمكنك مراسلتنا في حال الملاحظات او التعديل او الإضافة او طلب حذف الموضوع ...آخر تعديل اليوم 18/03/2023 عربي محمد عبد الله القرقاوي حياته و دراسته عبد الله بن صالح بن محمد العبيد اسمه ونسبه السخينات هاتف مركز ملهم الصحي بالرياض و معلومات عنه بالسعودية السلام عليكم : هل إستخدام بخاخ symbicort أثناء فترة الحمل قد يسبب أى أضرار للمرأة الحامل اختفاء حب الشباب بعد الزواج حرقة في منطقة العجان والخصية ورأس القضيب فما التشخيص؟ فوائد دبس الخروب للسعال جودي هوسينتروت روابط خارجية تأثير دواء (دوجماتيل) و(فافرين) على الأداء الجنسي الفرق بين " كريم فايزة " الاصلي و التقليد زيتا كورت كريم مضاد للالتهابات الجلدية والعدوى البيكتيرية Zeta Cort Cream كيفية معرفة حجر الهبهاب الاصلي لهجة جنوبية لهجة منطقة عسير علاج طبيعي لفتح قناة فالوب أشعر بألم في البطن مع رغبة في التغوط بعد تناولي لعلاج بروتوجين عبد الله العير نشأته الكينين الاستعمالات الطبية تمزق الغشاء هل يصل إلى جدار المهبل وتحس به الفتاة؟ هاتف مركز وعيره الصحي بالمدينة المنورة و معلومات عنه بالسعودية لور مغيزل النشأة والمسيرة [بحث جاهز للطباعة] قائمة بعناوين مشاريع التخرج لتخصص التربية الاسلامية - زواج المتعة فضل زواج المتعة عند الإثنا عشرية الخليوي نبذة عن عائلة الخليوي سعود الكبير بن عبد العزيز بن سعود آل سعود زوجاته [بحث جاهز للطباعة] ملخص علوم اول متوسط مطور الفصل الدراسي الثاني - لونا حسن عن حياتها رسائل حب ساخنة للمتزوجين +18 ولاية ميلة السكان حرائق آبار النفط الكويتية الدوافع وطرق التفجير [بحث جاهز للطباعة] أجدد بحث تربوي عن الهدر المدرسي - هل الاختلاف البسيط في مقاسات أعضاء الجنين في الشهر الثامن طبيعي؟ العلاقة بين الحوسبة السحابية و البيانات الكبيرة المقدمة الأيدي الناعمة (كتاب) ارتفاع كرات الدم البيضاء بعد استخدام الكورتيزون السلام عليكم ، أنا أعاني من حرقان في راس الذكر بشكل مستمر فما هو السبب سالم سهيل خميس حياته عبد الرحمن ذاكر الهاشمي الترجمة في سطور هل شد الشفرات والمباعدة الشديدة للساقين يمكن أن تفض غشاء البكارة؟ [بحث جاهز للطباعة] بحث في البلاغة والتشبيه - عدد أنواع الأعداد الحديقة الوطنية قورايا تقديم الحديقة فوائد قلب الخروف قطب كهربائي القطب الموجب والسالب في الخلية الكهربائية عملية العصفور الأزرق أشعر بخروج هواء من المهبل.. فهل يدل على عدم العذرية؟ مناطق الاثارة عند الرجل طريقة تحضير الميرمية (أعشاب) بطريقة سهلة علاج الشحنات الكهربائية في الرأس بالأعشاب أنواع الإشراف التربوي خصائص الشعر الحر شكلًا ومضمونًا هل الشهوة الجنسية الكثيرة تؤثر على غشاء البكارة؟ أفيدوني نقطة الوميض الآلية هل تنصحون بتناول عشبة المورينجا من أجل إدرار البول؟ طريقة عمل فطيرة البرتقال اليونانية الحلوة من الشيف طارق إبراهيم إبراهيم نصر الله الشعر إعادة تبلور وصف العملية [نسائيات] دور وسائل الاعلام في التربية - منوعات مفيدة جدول القواسم بعض المصطلحات المتعلقة ملهم (حريملاء) دواء كابيسيتابين لعلاج سرطان القولون - تأثيرات جانبية وتعليمات رخويات فوائد الرخويات أنا حامل في الأسبوع الثامن, هرمون الحمل لم يتضاعف, لماذا يا دكتور؟ أرجوكم اجيبوني. علم الجزائر العلم الجزائري عبر التاريخ سلام عليكم يا دكتور استفسار عن تحليل الايدز HIV /Ag/Ab هل هو قطعي اذا كان [بحث جاهز للطباعة] بــحـــثــــ حــــــولـــــــ الثورة الجزائرية - [بحث جاهز للطباعة] قوم عاد قوم ثمود قوم لوط قوم فرعون قوم هود - 10 علامات تدل على توقف نمو الجنين لديك دولة حفصية قيام الدولة الحفصية مظاهر وحدانية الله وعدله ورحمته سلسلة باون التفاعلية أساس النظرية أثر اختراع الترانزستور على تطور علم الإلكترونيات أعمال شاه روخ خان أفلامه السنيمائية قائمة مقاطعات ولاية نبراسكا الأمريكية المقاطعات متطلبات الحصول على تأشيرة للمواطنين الموريشيين متطلبات التأشيرة راينميتال أم جي 3 المستخدمون اختلاف حجم الرجلين .. هل من الممكن أن يكون سببًا لجلطة الساق؟ قائمة شخصيات مسلسل وادي الذئاب صقر شديد كم سنة صبر النبي أيوب على المرض جاكي شان الحياة المبكرة بنو حنيفة نسب بني حنيفة أفضل ماركة جاكيت شتوي من أمازون تعرٌف على ... محمد الكتاني | مشاهير [ رقم هاتف ] مطعم بيك ا بيتزا في ام الحصم البحرين وعنوان مطعم اكلات بحرينية وعربية المساج السويدي لصحتك واسترخائك .. لكن احذر هذه المخاطر! السلام عليكم : هل مسح السائل المنوى بقطعة قماش يسبب موت الحيوانات المنوية ؟ وهل تعرٌف على ... الشيخة حصة بنت محمد بن زايد آل نهيان | مشاهير طريقة استعمال طلع النخل للحمل قائمة فنانون يمنيون لهجة زهرانية الكلمة ومعناها باللهجه الزهرانية مشاكل سيارة مرسيدس C200 تعرٌف على ... حصة عبد الرازق بالعومة | مشاهير بنو رواحة وديمة وحليمة (مسلسل) طريقة عمل اكلة الشيشبرك على الطريقة السورية من مطبخ منال العالم ماهي شجرة السدر ؟ ما هما العينان اللتان لا تمسهما النار نظام شبه رئاسي نشأة النظام شبه الرئاسي عزة الدوري نسبه تناولت مخدر المعجون فأصبت بوسوسة وتغرب عن الذات! النائب الجمهور يوجه سؤالاً إلى وزير الدولة لشؤون الإسكان عبدالهادي مغتر فريج مغتر عبدالرحمن حمد عبدالرحمن حمد العوفان عبدالله محمد حجاب علي العجمي الدولة ونظام الحكم|  مادة 58 في دستور الكويت .... رئيس مجلس الوزراء والوزراء مسؤولون محمد حسن عبدالسيد منصور الفودري اللائحة الداخليه لمجلس الامة |  مادة 172 في دستور الكويت .... بمراعاة حكم الفقرة جـ من صالح خالد الجاسر النشوان مبارك فهد ضويحى الضويحى السيرة الذاتية للنائب سعد علي الخنفور الرشيدي السيرة الذاتية للنائب عبدالكريم عبدالله الكندري ناصر سفاح شنوف الراشد البذالي أشكناني حمود المضف الزعابي سعود عبدالعزيز أحمد عيد الهاجري الاقتراح بقانون مقدم من العضو الراجحي يقترح السماح لرجال القوات المسلحة والشرطة بممارسة الحق في الانتخاب السيرة الذاتية للنائب محمد هادي الحويلة المزروعي حمد الهرشاني: العفو مكرمة أميرية تؤكد عمق العلاقة الأبوية بين سمو أمير البلاد وشعبه بورسلى راشد مبارك راشد مبارك بن بحر حمود بدر حسن بدر الاستاذ ماضي عبدالله ماضي الخميس عبدالعزيز عبداللطيف محمد المطوع الاقتراح برغبة مقدم من النائب عبدالكريم الكندري يقترح إنشاء نظام تسجيل مركزي لخريجي تخصص هندسة البترول فايز اسباع دعيج خليفة الدبوس فلاح مشلح فرحان الهرشاني وليد فهد صفران حريبي فهيد الرشيدي مبارك سليمان اطراد فرج الطراد حمد سلمان مطر سهو شداد الشمري صباح عبدالله راجح وايل العتيبي الخنة النائب عبدالعزيز الصقعبي يوجه 5 أسئلة إلى 4 وزراء عبدالله خليفة العبدالله الصباح 14 - ابرق خيطان ناصر منصور الغصين الدوسري الانتخابات 1996 الانتخابات 1967 عبدالله رجب سيد عبدالله الرفاعي السيرة الذاتية للنائب هشام عبد الصمد الصالح فهد غشام فهد فالح البصمان قانون البصمة الوراثية 2015 المجدلي محمد عبدالرحمن صالح مبارك الصرعاوي مذكر سعود ثويران جاعد المطيري خالد سعود العويهان العنزي سعد بليق قعم العازمي عبكل معيجل العبكل سهيل محمد طاهر سليمان البناي جاسم خالد داود المرزوق سامي مساعد أحمد حسين الجزاف السيرة الذاتية للنائب سعود سعد ابو صليب فهد صالح فهد محمد بودي سعود عبدالعزيز محسن حمد المطيري طراد سليمان اطراد فرج عبدالرزاق شاهر كريدي الشريفي سالم مبخوت سالم الدرعان حزام عامر حزام فاضي العتيبي العكشاني 13 - الرميثية حمد عبدالرحمن الصانع دعيج يعقوب محمود الحمد العنزي ظافر دوشي شبرم مثقال العراده الاقتراح بقانون مقدم من العضو 5 نواب يقترحون تنظيما متكاملا وشاملا للأندية وجمعيات النفع العام يوسف الفليج الاقتراح برغبة مقدم من النائب مهلهل المضف يقترح مساعدة طلبة (التطبيقي) لاستكمال دراستهم أحمد خالد أحمد الجسار ريم عبدالله مطر عبدالله العيدان مبارك وتيد حضران الصليلي جاعد جالي خشيم الحربي داود سلمان انقيان سالم العميري اللائحة الداخليه لمجلس الامة |  مادة 169 في دستور الكويت .... الحساب الختامي للإدارة المالية للدولة مستجوبو سمو رئيس مجلس الوزراء: الحكومة وقفت ضد إرادة الشعب.. ولا تملك رؤية للإصلاح السيرة الذاتية للنائب د. بدر حامد الملا | مجلس الأمة 2020 خالد صالح الغنيم النائب الطريجي يوجه سؤالين إلى وزيري العدل والدولة للشؤون الاقتصادية النائب السويط يوجه 5 أسئلة إلى وزيري العدل والتعليم العالي شؤون الإسكان: تنسيق بين الجهات المعنية لبدء إصدار تراخيص البناء في (خيطان الجنوبي) النائب روح الدين يوجه 7 أسئلة إلى 6 وزراء وسمية عبدالعزيز سليمان المواش ضياء حيدر يعقوب ابو الحسن فيصل عبدالوهاب خليفه حسين بورسلي محمد مطلق سعيد العتيبي خالد حمود مسلم حمود العميرة خليل إبراهيم محمد حسين الصالح السيرة الذاتية للنائب الصيفي مبارك الصيفي العجمي | مجلس الأمة 2020 إبراهيم أحمد سالم المنصوري خليفة بن شاهين الغانم ضرغام عبدالله محمد العبدالله المتروك الصفحة غير موجودة وليد خالد راشد ناصر بورسلي سالم محمد مقيت العجمي عنبر مال الله خادم فرج حجاب محمد الزيد الحجاب علي سيد جواد سيد علي سيد عبدالله ناصر محمد ابطيحان الدويهيس النائب هشام الصالح يوجه 4 أسئلة إلى وزيري التعليم العالي والداخلية فيصل جابر باقر حسن عبدالله صالح اعلانات خليجي الأكثر قراءة لوكيشن وهاتف | 360 ويلنيس للتجارة (ذ.م.م) Florin Constantinescu All India Muslim Majlis-e-Mushawarat Autorizaciones www.cechin.com.ar iTunes Cómo mandar un email Anexo Organizaciones de derechos indígenas How to Become a Master Gamer The New Republic The New Republic The New Republic The New Republic Ocimum tenuiflorum Requested articles Arts and entertainment The New Republic The New Republic The New Republic Bergdorf Goodman Bar Discussioni Copiare i contenuti di The New Republic The New Republic Utenti problematici Votazioni sulla messa al bando Stefanomencarelli 2 The New Republic First Lord of the Treasury Institute for Strategy and Reconciliation phpBB Windows Phone 7 University of Exeter Cómo entender el lenguaje corporal Leonardo DiCaprio List of Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism people Wayne Darwen Preparing for cataract surgery Cerealine The New Republic The New Republic مؤسسة بيت الحجر المقدسي للعقارات والمقاولات بيع-شراء – تأجير – ادارة املاك – تثمين العقارات-ديكور Pancho Villa Maladie osseuse de Paget Opposition Platform — For Life phpBB لوكيشن وهاتف | جمعية الامارات للسلامة المرورية لوكيشن وهاتف | اتصالات لخدمات المعلومات لوكيشن وهاتف | اكو نيفانا تكنولوجيز لوكيشن وهاتف | المروة للسيارات لوكيشن وهاتف | تورنتو لانظمة الطاقة لوكيشن وهاتف | بى ار تى للاتصالات لوكيشن وهاتف | المختبر الفني لفحص التربة Institute for Strategy and Reconciliation لوكيشن وهاتف | حديقة الصحراء بالشارقة لوكيشن وهاتف | جيوفابركس للصناعات (ذ·م·م) لوكيشن وهاتف | اتصالات - 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